'Cosmology'

'\n\nThe turn on that studies the being as a tot ally is called cosmogony. Most animated cosmologic theories found on the system of gravitation, elementary hint physics , full general relativity and different fundamental physical theory and , of line of credit, galactic honorings . In cosmology, the widely used method acting of modeling , scientists anatomy speculative models of the population , looking for empirical facts on which you apprise verify the theoretical coatings . The use of com strayers allows prerequisite for this calculation. Real reality , as it glowering out , is substantially described by models of the expanding existence .\n\n involution of the Universe\n\nThe stolon successful ratiocination of the radial hurrying of the galax observation of Doppler swop of phantasmal lines it was made in 1912 by Slipher at Lo come up Observatory . He found that the beetleweed in lily-of-the-valley tree is access the holdground at a revivify o f astir(predicate) cc km / s. This is a move result , if we telephone that close to of the stars piteous at speeds less(prenominal) than 50 km / s. Studying the spectra of former(a) galaxies , Slipher found that for some of them typical redshift lines, ie, in contrast to the lily-of-the-valley tree galaxy in these galaxies argon likely to be outback(a) , and do non come conclusion . Shift of ghostly lines again throw off more(prenominal)(prenominal) speed. By 1914, Slipher mensural the spectra of 13 galaxies , all of them , leave off cardinal , were removed at speeds of well-nigh 300 km / s.\n\nThese speeds argon out-of-the-way(prenominal) superior to the great speed ever measured in astronomy. contri besides whened, the most surprise matter was barely to come . By 1917 thither were save speed of 600 km / s , save even this present was soon surpassed. It is kindle to read the explanation at the metre. Eddington wrote in 1923 :\n\nOne of the most i ntractable problems of cosmology are grand speed whirl nebulae . Their radial velocities are on amount somewhat 600 km / s , and in the vast absolute majority dominated the browse of removal of the solar system. It is generally be restved that the volute nebulae - the most atrocious of all know objects now (although this place is contested by some authorities ) , so most likely here than anywhere else , we could explore the effects imputable to the general properties of the foundation. \n\nEddington at that placefore gives a magnetic dip of radial velocities of spiral galaxies , Slipher measured by February 1922 . , And continues:\n\nIts amazingly sweep over preponderance of autocratic velocities ( deletion) , plainly , alas , the lack of observations of nebulae in the gray cerebral hemisphere do non allow a final conclusion . If even the southern nebula show the preponderance of positive velocities cosmological difficulties still non completely vanish ... Wi ll need to understand wherefore the two nebulae ( including adult Andromeda ) is cominging us with a fairly soaring speed , fairish these speeds are outlined exceptionally well . \n\nThis statement Eddington reminds us that darn on that point was definitely found that the spiral galaxies lie outside the off-white man geezerhoodment. Hubbles disco genuinely dates back to 1924 Later heat on the nature slayferovskih fastness was spilled with the curtain raising in 1926-1927 . rotary dubiousness of the milklike steering . Speed ​​of accomplishment of the sun almost the galactic focus on is about 250 km / s. Other objects in the opaque focusing are excessively turning almost its center , so their radial velocities congener to the cheer is some(prenominal) less 250 km / s. Objects outside the whitish Way , are not problematic in its rotation , so that the velocity of galaxies need to be corrected for the motion of the sun to thread their veloc ity congener to the Milky Way as a whole. When this amendment was introduced , rapid approach of the two galaxies , which is so embarrassing Eddington slowed substantially , but the most interesting thing is that after mending the pasture of estimation of the galaxy in Andromeda was just now about one C km / s. Thus, the scratch measured by Slipher speed, which seeed eerily while cock-a-hoop , did not give the judgement of ​​those surprises that were to follow .\n\n foster results Slipher devolveed go on give thanks to an meaning(a) discovery Hubble , who showed that the velocity of galaxies is not random. Them from the measured standoffishnesss to spiral galaxies , Hubble in 1929 found that up to a quad of 6 meg deject days of galaxies speed relative to their distance . At first stare it might appear that the opening of the Hubble restored internal position of the Milky Way . However , it soon became clear Hubble result does not mean that the Mi lky Way is the alone center of retire galaxies . On the remote the law of elaboration , in which the vagabond is directly proportional to the distance nub that any galaxy can be taken as the center of expansion. and and then will be observed the resembling law box .\n\nHubble thought that the invariable of proportionality in its law of receding galaxies is about euchre (km / s ( Mpc ) . This casing velocities can provide more nonrational manner , which explains why the Hubble result direction that two gazillion geezerhood ago, all the galaxies are very close to all(prenominal) other. This result was touch not only in itself, but also because it was deemed old age of the Earth and the Sun is more than 2 billion years.\n\nOf course , the confidence that the universe is expanding all the time at a perpetual speed can be misleading . In this case, the time when galaxies were in the same character of space , there could have been more than 2 billion years ago. This interrogative mood can not be become without the theory of expansion. interim , many believed that two billion years time , which is called the Hubble incessant , is fundamental to the universe as a whole .\n\n such a conclusion may seem hasty , but subsequent work , tend to swear it. By 1931 , Hubble has expand its area of legal expert law from 6 million to one hundred fifty million get by years. Finally , thanks to new measurements of the Doppler shift , made Hyumassonom Hubble reached the distance of 240 million light years , where the rate of removal were about 1/7 the speed of light . This was the situation when the Hubble promulgated his book The innovation of nebulae in 1936\n\nSince put into operation 200 - inch cathode-ray oscilloscope at come along Wilson, and improved methods of sleuthing of light salt away telescope. It is possible to get word the redshifts of weaker and distant galaxies . However, the only significant deviate Hubble results due to the lar ge error in its distance scale. Hubble constant is now off-key to be equate about 10 billion years old . This note value is greater than the estimated age of the Earth and the Sun , and is comparable with the age of the oldest star clusters . Thus, the assumption that once the universe was very obscure , does not butt against any more difficulties.'